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Trench warfare

A soldier with a rifle in a trench in World War One
Image caption,
Soldiers were encouraged to wash their feet regularly and often had their feet inspected.

On the Western Front, the war was fought by soldiers in trenches.

Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground where soldiers lived.

They were very muddy, uncomfortable and the toilets overflowed. These conditions caused some soldiers to develop a problem called trench foot.

There were many lines of German trenches on one side and many lines of Allied trenches on the other.

In the middle was no man's land, which soldiers crossed to attack the other side.

A soldier with a rifle in a trench in World War One
Image caption,
Soldiers were encouraged to wash their feet regularly and often had their feet inspected.
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Video: What were trench conditions like?

Watch our video to learn more about life in the trenches.

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A typical day in the trenches

TimeActivity
5am'Stand-to' (short for 'Stand-to-Arms', meaning to be prepared for enemy attack) half an hour before daylight
5.30amRum ration
6amStand-down half an hour after daylight
7amBreakfast (usually bacon and tea)
8am onwardsClean selves and weapons, tidy trench
NoonDinner
After dinnerSleep and downtime
5pmTea
6pmStand-to half an hour before dusk
6.30pmStand-down half an hour after dusk
6.30pm onwardsWork all night with some time for rest (patrols, digging trenches, putting up barbed wire, getting stores)
Canadian soldiers sleeping and writing letters in a World War One trench.
Image caption,
Soldiers sleeping and writing letters.

Soldiers only got to sleep in the afternoon during daylight and at night for an hour at a time. During rest time they wrote letters and played card games.

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What items did soldiers keep in the trenches?

Image gallerySkip image gallerySlide 1 of 4, A World War One poster advertising British military uniform, Soldiers carried lots of equipment This included a gas mask; weapons and ammunition; protective clothes like boots and a helmet; 鈥榳ebbing equipment鈥 which contained personal items like shaving kits and water bottles; and a shovel.
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The Christmas Truce

A colour postcard possibly produced to send Christmas greetings from the front line during World War One
Image caption,
A colour postcard possibly produced to send Christmas greetings from the front line.

During the first Christmas of the war, something unique happened in some parts of the Western Front.

On Christmas Eve, soldiers from both sides put down their weapons and met in no man's land. They sang carols like 'Silent Night' ('Stille Nacht' in German).

Men from both sides gave gifts to each other. The Germans gave sausages to the British and the British gave the Germans chocolates.

Colour illustration of a British army officer scoring a goal against a German officer, circa 1914
Image caption,
Illustration of a British army officer scoring a goal against a German officer, circa 1914.

On Christmas Day, a British soldier kicked a football out of his trench and the Germans joined in. It was reported that Germany won the match 3-2.

The British High Command did not agree with this truce. They even suggested the Germans were planning an attack. They were ignored and no guns were fired on Christmas Day 1914.

The truce lasted until the New Year in some parts of the Western Front. But it wasn't long before soldiers on both sides returned to life in the trenches.

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Activities

Activity 1: What things were in a trench?

Explore our interactive trench scene and click on different objects to find out more about them.

There are ten different objects to find. You can use the question mark button to highlight them all.

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Activity 2: Quiz 鈥 Life in a trench

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Activity 3: History Explorer game

Play this game to test your knowledge and learn even more facts about World War One.

History Explorer: Secrets through time

History Explorer: Secrets through time: KS2 History

History Explorer: Secrets through time
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Teaching resources

There are even more World War One resources over on 成人快手 Teach. Take your class on a journey through time with this collection of short videos covering an A-Z library of WW1.

成人快手 Teach has thousands of free, curriculum-linked resources to help deliver lessons - all arranged by subject and age group.

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Bitesize Primary games. game

Play fun and educational primary games in science, maths, English, history, geography, art, computing and modern languages.

Bitesize Primary games
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