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The power of waves is one of the most significant forces of coastal change. Waves are created by wind blowing over the surface of the sea.

As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created - producing a swell in the water. The energy of the wind causes water particles to rotate inside the swell and this moves the wave forward.

The size and energy of a wave is influenced by:

• how long the wind has been blowing;
• the strength of the wind;
• how far the wave has travelled (the fetch).

Waves can be destructive or constructive.

When a wave breaks, water is washed up the beach - this is called the swash.

Then the water runs back down the beach - this is called the backwash.

With a constructive wave, the swash is stronger than the backwash.

With a destructive wave, the backwash is stronger than the swash.

• Destructive waves are created in storm conditions. They are created from big, strong waves when the wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long time. They occur when wave energy is high and the wave has travelled over a long fetch.
• They tend to erode the coast.
• They have a stronger backwash than swash.
• They have a short wave length and are high and steep.
• They are more frequent (10-14 waves per minute).
• They tend to erode the coast.
• They have a stronger backwash than swash.
• They have a short wave length and are high and steep.
• They are more frequent (10-14 waves per minute).

• They are created in calm weather and are less powerful than destructive waves.
• They break on the shore and deposit material, building up beaches.
• They have a swash that is stronger than the backwash.
• They have a long wavelength, and are low in height.
• They are less frequent (6-9 waves per minute).

The sea shapes the coastal landscape. Coastal erosion is the wearing away and breaking up of rock along the coast.Destructive waves erode the coastline in a number of ways:

• Hydraulic action: Air may become trapped in joints and cracks on a cliff face. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion.

• Abrasion: Bits of rock and sand in waves grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper.

• Attrition: Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other, and they break and become smoother.

• Solution: Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone.

The various types of material found in the sea comes from many different sources - such as:

• being eroded from cliffs;
• being transported by longshore driftalong the coastline;
• being brought inland from offshore by constructive waves;
• being carried to the coastline by rivers.

This movement of material is called transportation.

Waves can approach the coast at an angle because of the direction of the prevailing wind.

The swash of the waves carries material up the beach at an angle.

The backwash then flows back to the sea in a straight line at 90°.

Continual swash and backwash transports material sideways along the coast. This movement of material is called longshore drift and occurs in a zigzag.

There are four ways that waves and tidal currents transport sediment. These can then contribute to the movement of sediment by longshore drift.

When the sea loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying.

This is called deposition.

Deposition also happens when the swash of a wave is stronger than its backwash - constructive waves.

Deposition is likely to occur when:

• waves enter an area of shallow water;
• waves enter a sheltered area, e.g. a cove or bay;
• there is little wind;
• there is a good supply of material.