成人快手

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INSIDE HEALTH

Programme 3. - Future of 7-day GP Access Pilots, MERS, Laughing Gas Health Risks

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TX:听 23.06.15听 2100-2130

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PRESENTER:听 MARK PORTER

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PRODUCER:听 ERIKA WRIGHT

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Porter

Coming up in today鈥檚 programme:听

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The latest on the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in South Korea 鈥� it鈥檚 not the first time a potentially deadly virus has jumped species, and it won鈥檛 be the last.

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Laughing gas - after the government announces plans to ban all legal highs we investigate the burgeoning abuse of nitrous oxide.

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Clip

It鈥檚 something like a trance, not entirely dissimilar to being hypnotised or kind of deeply meditating if you like.听 Sounds can also seem to slow down or speed up, can feel a kind of dizziness or light-headedness and of course the laughter and giggles.

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Porter

But I will be talking to a doctor who thinks laughing gas is no laughing matter.

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First, GP appointments are back in the headlines following Jeremy Hunt鈥檚 announcement last week that surgeries will be expected to extend their opening hours in the evenings and at weekends. A move that started with a commitment from the Prime Minister.

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Many hardworking people find it difficult to take time off to get that GP appointment and so having these pilot schemes across our country of seven day GP opening, 12 hours a day, I think is a very positive step forward.

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Porter

Well listening to that in our Glasgow studio is Dr Margaret McCartney.听 Margaret, so what happened next?

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McCartney

Well we鈥檝e had increasing political promises over the last 10 years really to say that the politicians will do something to make it easier to get to see either a GP or your GP and I think that鈥檚 where things have started to crumble slightly.听 So to start with we had this extended hours and what that meant was your GP鈥檚 surgery was not open 9-5, I think many GPs would argue they were never just open from 9-5 but there was a push to try and make early morning and late evening surgeries plus Saturday surgeries in some places as well.听 So that was the extended hours first of all.听 But now we鈥檝e moved into this new phase of pilot schemes for more than that 鈥� weekend opening as routine.听 This idea that you could have a seven/seven service to see a doctor, a general practitioner, whenever you wanted to, whether it鈥檚 a weekend day or a weekday.

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Porter

So instead of the weekends and evenings after half past six being reserved for emergencies you could actually ring up and book an appointment, as you would do during the normal working day?

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McCartney

This has been the promise, the promise has been this 8-8 service.

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Porter

But this was extra money, the Prime Minister鈥檚 so called Challenge Fund, that was put forward to do this?

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McCartney

Yes, yes that鈥檚 right.听

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Porter

Now there are a number of different pilots going on across England, what鈥檚 happening in the rest of the UK, what鈥檚 happening in Scotland?

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McCartney

Well what we鈥檝e done is we鈥檝e stopped at the extended hours, so we鈥檝e got the early morning, evening or sometimes I think there鈥檚 a few Saturday mornings, Saturday morning surgeries, kicking about but in the main we鈥檝e gone for extended hours.听 But it鈥檚 really important to point out that you can still see a GP 24/7 if you need to, as an emergency.听 So this is all about routine work, it鈥檚 not about emergency stuff, that hasn鈥檛 changed, you can always see a GP 24 hour/7 if you are needing to do so.

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Porter

How have the pilots been evaluated so far?

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McCartney

Well I cannot find any independent evaluation looking at benefits and harms.听 We鈥檙e promised that there鈥檚 been some audit work being done but I haven鈥檛 seen anything in the public domain that would let me know how this is being evaluated, what it鈥檚 being judged by, is the impact on A&E being looked at and assessed and what the costs are and what the opportunity costs are 鈥� what could this money have been spent on instead, is there something else that GPs could have been doing better with this money to best serve the patients most in need.

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Porter

Because there have been mixed reports in the medical press haven鈥檛 there so far.

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McCartney

Yes and there鈥檚 been 鈥� because of this lack of independent evaluation it鈥檚 quite hard to work out what鈥檚 going on.听 So there have been reports 鈥� and it is only reports 鈥� that in North Yorkshire some of the pilot services have been underused, other reports saying that in Canterbury they were unable to reduce pressures elsewhere in the health service because of the pilot and in Herefordshire there have been reports saying it鈥檚 been quite popular.

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Porter

So I鈥檝e come to the city of Hereford to the base of Taurus Healthcare, a federation of the county鈥檚 24 GP practices that鈥檚 run the seven day service here for the past year.听 It鈥檚 based on three hubs across the county 鈥� Lempster towards the north, here in Hereford in the centre and Ross-on-Wye in the south.听 The service caters for every one of the county鈥檚 185,000 population who come from all walks of life, including pockets of real deprivation.听 I鈥檓 here to meet Graeme Cleland who鈥檚 Managing Director of Taurus Healthcare.

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Hi Graeme.

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Cleland

Hi Mark. Come on in.

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Porter

Thanks.

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This pilot has been running since July 2014, a year now, so what exactly does it offer the people of Herefordshire.

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Cleland

It鈥檚 a fully integrated primary care service.听 It鈥檚 GP led, in each and every one of our hubs we have a GP, a nurse or a nurse practitioner, we have an HCA phlebotomist, to do bloods and other bits and pieces, so it is a true extension to primary care.

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Porter

So where鈥檚 this happening and what hours do they operate?

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Cleland

It鈥檚 happening in the three hubs 鈥� one in the Marches in Leominster, one here in Wargrave House in central Hereford and one in Pendeen Surgery in Ross-on-Wye鈥�

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Porter

Which is in the south of the county.

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Cleland

Which is in the south of the county.听 And those services run from 6.00 p.m. till 8.00 p.m. Monday to Friday and 8.00 a.m. till 8.00 p.m. Saturdays, Sundays and bank holidays.

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Porter

So effectively what you鈥檙e doing in the working week is you鈥檙e extending the existing service that the surgery might offer for a couple of hours but then you鈥檙e actually open all day Saturday and all day Sunday?

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Cleland

Yeah.

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Porter

What鈥檚 the uptake been like?听 When this service first opened were you deluged with demand or was it a slow pick up?

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Cleland

I think it would be fair to say expectations of demand were significantly over estimated at inception.听 We did lots of things to bring in the community.听 When we started we were at about 17-18% utilisation on a week by week basis, now our service runs along at about 97% utilisation week in, week out.

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Dando

My name is Michael Dando, I suffer from Spina Bifida, I鈥檓 confined to a wheelchair and also I have diabetes as well.

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Porter

And you鈥檝e been using the service for how long?

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Dando

I鈥檝e been using it since February.听 At the moment I鈥檝e got an ulcer on my foot, that would have required daily treatments and if I was seen by community nurses I would have to wait all day.

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Porter

So what was happening before 鈥� you were having it done at your normal GP鈥檚 surgery Monday to Friday but on the Saturday and Sunday you were having to wait for the nurse to come to your house?

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Dando

Yes.

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Porter

But she couldn鈥檛 or he couldn鈥檛 say when they were going to be there?

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Dando

No.

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Porter

So you literally sat in all day?

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Dando

Literally sat in from 8 o鈥檆lock in the morning until 10 o鈥檆lock in the evening.

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Porter

Now you live in Hereford so I presume another option for you might have been to go to the walk-in centre, could you have done that or even the hospital?

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Dando

The hospital and the walk in centre would be very frowned on, of misuse of local resources.

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Porter

They might see you once or twice but they鈥檇 send you packing?

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Dando

Exactly yes.

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Porter

Of all the services that are available at the moment what do you think is the most valuable?

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Dando

This is, for me, to come at a time that I want to come, it鈥檚 the most important thing is being able to book an appointment to see a nurse or a doctor.

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Redriff

My name鈥檚 Karen Rediff and I鈥檓 a working mum of three, I also run a business with my husband.

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Porter

And you鈥檝e got little Rosy with you here, who鈥檚 looking鈥�

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Redriff

Yes we have, yeah.

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Porter

How鈥檚 your family been using the service?

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Redriff

It was around about when Rosy was born, for me when I was introduced to the service, so she鈥檚 seven months now.听 And she actually had some medical issues when she was born and in this particular instance, on a Friday, a midwife told me that she needed to see a GP where I kind of had a bit of a worry there because knowing that I鈥檇 have to wait till Monday and potentially she had an infection.听 So I was able to ring, get a convenient appointment and get her seen before Monday, which for me as a mum was really important actually because it would have been a worrying time over the weekend.

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Porter

So that was your first experience of the service 鈥� a good one I presume.

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Redriff

Yeah, definitely yeah, yeah.

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Porter

And have you used it since?

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Redriff

Yeah, my husband 鈥� we run our own business 鈥� so to get him to see a doctor anyway was really difficult but because of the service鈥�

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Porter

He couldn鈥檛 make the time during the week?

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Redriff

Yeah, no definitely, and he wouldn鈥檛 let customers down and things, so he would never leave a job early.听 He鈥檚 actually used it about three or four times.听 But he could do it after the working day, so that鈥檚 been brilliant.

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Porter

What about continuity of care, does it bother you that you鈥檙e having 鈥� you鈥檙e seeing a GP who may not know you?

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Redriff

Not necessarily because they have access to our records, which is why I opted to have this service rather than the drop-in, which we also have at Hereford but they don鈥檛 have access to our history.

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Porter

Accessing patient records is a real issue for many out-of-hours GP services and drop-in centres, so how has Taurus Healthcare got round the problem?

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Cleland

We鈥檝e found a way that we can share the patient鈥檚 primary care record with a GP in another location provided the patient gives consent.听 But actually what we also have is we鈥檙e building what we call an integration layer which will sit in between the general practices and other organisations and it will create opportunities to share data.

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Porter

Graeme Cleland talking to me in Hereford. And it is very revealing that the pilot, while clearly popular with the patients using it, hasn鈥檛 so far reduced the pressure on weekday GP services or had a significant impact on accident and emergency workload either. Indeed it seems to have exposed hidden extra demand.

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But however popular the service has been, and whoever uses it, seven day opening in Herefordshire has an uncertain future. The money from the Prime Minister鈥檚 Challenge Fund runs out at the end of the year and unless there is more special funding forthcoming, the local Clinical Commissioning Group will be expected to pick up the 拢1.5 million a year bill.

Dr Andy Watts is Chair of the CCG in Herefordshire and I asked him whether it was affordable.

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Watts

Probably not in its current form, so that the way it was set up was sort of a bolt on to what we鈥檝e got already which was fine in terms of learning some lessons but it鈥檚 not really the way we want to set up services, that you鈥檝e got more and more services bolted on top of each other.

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Porter

So what you鈥檙e saying at this stage, the pilot seems very popular with patients but for you, as a CCG, it won鈥檛 work?

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Watts

No probably not.听 We need to see some of the details that will be coming out from Jeremy Hunt鈥檚 announcements on Friday, we haven鈥檛 got the details yet.

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Porter

Andy, could you give me an example of how the current system isn鈥檛 as integrated as you鈥檇 like?

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Watts

Yeah so if I鈥檓 a patient and if I need to see a doctor out-of-hours those options are 鈥� there鈥檚 a GP out-of-hours service, there鈥檚 a walk-in service, there鈥檚 an A&E department and now we鈥檝e been fortunate enough to have this pilot that鈥檚 also been able to provide services through the 111 phone system.听 But as you can see that鈥檚 quite a complex arrangement for patients, how do they know which is the right place to go and the right person to see?听 And it鈥檚 inherently inefficient.听 Better to have one system that鈥檚 all joined up that links with the GP in hours services, links with the telephone system you need for GP out-of-hours services and what we need to do to try and capture the best of all elements of the services that are there at present and try and come up with one that simplifies it and is uniform.听 I suspect that to provide that gold plated element that we鈥檝e got through the pilot we鈥檒l need some extra funding but the details of that remain to be seen.

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Porter

Dr Andy Watts talking candidly about the future. Well that is the situation in Herefordshire but what about the other pilots across England? Dr Richard Vautrey is Deputy Chair of the British Medical Association鈥檚 GP committee.

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Vautrey

I think there鈥檚 been a variable experience and that鈥檚 one of the benefits of doing pilots around the country is that you should learn from the experience in total.听 I was recently talking to GPs in North Yorkshire where they were one of the very first pilots and they鈥檝e concluded that very, very few patients wanted a Sunday service and increasingly sort of in rural areas they weren鈥檛 able to get to some surgeries 鈥� the buses don鈥檛 run sort of in those areas on a Sunday so it鈥檚 not very easy for patients to actually access those services.听 But also more importantly patients wanted to be seen by their own surgery for routine care and didn鈥檛 want to be seen by another surgery and so were much more willing to wait until Monday or Tuesday to see a GP who they knew and trusted rather than seeing one that they didn鈥檛 know at a weekend.

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Porter

But Richard you must accept that access is an issue for patients, it鈥檚 one of the things that they do worry about and some people want to be seen out of conventional hours, whether it be the weekend or in the evening, and as we heard from the Herefordshire pilot it鈥檚 actually very popular with those people who do use the service.

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Vautrey

I think it鈥檚 undoubtedly popular, patients would want more of a good thing and we would like to offer more of a good thing but what we have to do is ensure that we don鈥檛 undermine the quality of care that we鈥檙e already providing by trying to stretch that service more thinly.听 So first and foremost we have to invest in the daytime service, we have to recruit more GPs, more practice nurses, so that we can offer more appointments, which is what our patients really want during the daytime.听 If we鈥檝e got the luxury of extending that service then we could maybe think about it at that time but first and foremost we have to get the current system on a solid foundation.

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Porter

What do you think鈥檚 going to happen next following the mixed results of the pilots?

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Vautrey

I would hope that the government, the Department of Health and NHS England really look at the totality of the pilots and once we鈥檝e done that then what we should do is build on what鈥檚 already there, not duplicating or fragmenting the current service, what we should be doing is building on the current 24/7 service that GPs are providing in terms of out-of-hours.听 What we don鈥檛 need to do is to simply create another lane on the motorway.

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Porter

Dr Richard Vautrey suggesting seven day access to GPs is far from a done deal but we鈥檒l be following developments here at Inside Health.

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Public health officials have written to doctors across the UK urging them to be vigilant when dealing with travellers who have become ill after visiting South Korea, following the outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome or MERS. So far there have been 174 confirmed cases and 27 deaths in the region. And globally, since the disease first emerged in 2012, there have been 1300 cases, nearly 500 of whom have died, most of them in the Middle East and Asia.

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So what are the chances of MERS causing problems here in the UK? Professor Jonathan Ball is Professor of Molecular Virology at the University of Nottingham

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Ball

The risks are tiny but the risks are real.听 People travel, we live in a very mobile world at the moment, people do travel.听 It鈥檚 not so contagious, you have to have very, very close contact.听 So really this is a virus which thrives in healthcare settings because you鈥檝e got quite a high concentration of people, very often those people have got other illnesses which also helps the virus to spread.

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Porter

And that鈥檚 what鈥檚 happened in South Korea isn鈥檛 it in the hospital鈥�

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Ball

Exactly, you know unfortunately the infection control measures that were in place in those hospitals could have been better.听 Relatives, for example, visiting sick patients 鈥� you very often get large numbers of relatives in the same room with the infected individual which is never a great thing.听 You also have people 鈥� doctors who are caring for them 鈥� and unfortunately they can then pass on the infection to others.听

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Porter

This isn鈥檛 the first virus to have jumped from animals, we鈥檝e had flu, we had SARS of course which was a similar type of virus.听 Is it because we鈥檙e on the lookout for these new strains that are getting into humans or is it because it鈥檚 happening more often?

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Ball

Both factors.听 We are seeing a lot more of these infections, we are looking far more vigorously for them.听 We鈥檝e got techniques now that allow us to survey people, to survey animals for the appearance of new viruses and essentially I could tell you of a new virus that we鈥檙e discovering every month, they are so frequent.听 Thankfully they don鈥檛 cause human infections so often.

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Porter

So how does it make the jump?

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Ball
It鈥檚 a very interesting thing how these viruses originate.听 So they all come from bats, the ones that have jumped into humans more recently 鈥� so we鈥檙e talking about SARS and MERS 鈥� they鈥檝e generally not gone from bats directly into humans, they鈥檝e gone through what we call an intermediate species.听 With SARS we know that the virus jumped into an animal called a civet cat and those civet cats were sold in Chinese wet markets, there were large concentrations of living animals and therefore the virus was very easily able to pass from one animal to another and then unfortunately into humans.听 In the case of MERS we know that the virus is circulating in dromedary camels.听 It鈥檚 an incredibly rife infection in dromedary camels, around 80% of camels aged four will have antibodies to the MERS corona virus.听 We know that camels around the horn of Africa 鈥� Somalia, Sudan 鈥� they have evidence of infection that dates back to the 1980s.听 So this is an old virus, it鈥檚 been circulating around in camels.听 Something happened around two or three years ago that allowed the virus to jump into humans, we don鈥檛 actually know what that is.听 Maybe it mutated or maybe it鈥檚 just the fact that we live our lives slightly differently 鈥� some people think it鈥檚 the way that camels are herded, how they鈥檙e looked after, the husbandry around camel farming has allowed the virus to make the jump into humans.听 It鈥檚 a virus that generally infects young camels, it鈥檚 very much like our cold viruses 鈥� you go to an infant school, lots of coughs and sneezes, that鈥檚 a wonderful breeding ground for these infections to pass from one to another.

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Porter

So what does it do to the camel, is it 鈥� presumably not very serious in them?

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Ball

Well it鈥檚 in 鈥� I鈥檝e seen it often described in the press as camel flu, it鈥檚 nothing like influenza to camels, it really is like a very minor upper respiratory tract infection, so like a cold.

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Porter

What advice would you give then to the tourist who鈥檚 about to get on a camel on holiday?

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Ball

Well you know without wanting to sound too flippant I mean certainly don鈥檛 kiss a camel because we know that the viruses in high levels in things like saliva and in respiratory droplets and therefore that sort of close contact, particularly with a very young camel, puts you at high risk of getting the MERS virus.

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Porter

Professor Jonathan Ball. And there is a link to more information on our website. Just type Inside Health and MERS into your search engine and it should take you there.

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Please do get in touch if there is a health issue you think we should be looking in to 鈥� you can email us at insidehealth@bbc.co.uk or tweet me @drmarkporter

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The government outlined plans to ban so called legal highs in the recent Queen鈥檚 speech and much of the resulting coverage centred on chemicals produced in China, but there are plenty of others out there too and they are not always that obvious to the uninitiated. I must admit to being surprised myself when I first discovered that balloons and whipped cream dispensers are competing with cocaine and ecstasy as the high of choice at clubs and dinner tables across the UK.

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The dispensers are powered by small cylinders of nitrous oxide (better known as the anaesthetic/painkiller 鈥渓aughing gas鈥�). People use the dispensers to fill balloons, which they then empty into their lungs for a short-lived hit that renders them euphoric and giggly. And, unlike cocaine, the drug is cheap and legal and there are plenty of websites selling it, albeit to people over the age of 18 and under the assumption that you鈥檙e using their products to dispense cream, not get high. Yeah, right! But it is certainly easy to get hold of, as I found out when I went online to try and buy some.

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All you have to do is type in whipped cream supplies into your search engine and you鈥檇 be amazed at what you find.听 So one of the first things that comes up is sale of nitrous oxide cream chargers, 600 chargers available now on the website, it鈥檚 a UK based website.听 So click on that and up comes an offer 鈥� you can buy a hundred canisters charged with laughing gas for 拢27.99.听 And the next website鈥檚 offering exactly the same deal but this time a pound cheaper - 拢26.99.听 Can鈥檛 get much easier than that.

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The latest 成人快手 Office statistics suggest that one in 13 teenagers and young adults has tried nitrous oxide at least once in the last year. Twice as many who admit to dabbling with cocaine or ecstasy. Stephen Reid is a regular user and President of the Psychedelic Society which is campaigning against the proposed legal clamp down. So how do users feel after inhaling it?

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Reid

It鈥檚 something like a trance actually, not entirely dissimilar to being hypnotised or kind of 鈥� or deeply meditating if you like.听 The whole experience is very short, it only lasts a couple of minutes.

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Porter

You鈥檒l turn to normal after that couple of minutes?

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Reid
Absolutely yeah, probably five minutes in total to feel totally back to your baseline state, with the peak of the experience only lasting around 30 seconds to one minute.听 The most consistent effects 鈥� because they do vary between people 鈥� are distortion of sounds, a certain kind of ringing comes into your ears as you move into the peak of the experience.听 Sounds can also seem to slow down or speed up.听 Can feel a kind of dizziness or light-headedness and of course the laughter and giggles which is how it gets its name laughing gas.

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Porter

What do you think about government moves to ban so-called legal highs?

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Reid

I think they鈥檙e absurd quite frankly.听 It鈥檚 a very significant infringement of the liberty of people who want to alter their state using nitrous oxide and maybe not alcohol.听 The fact is nitrous oxide by many measures is much safer than alcohol, so why should the government be able to tell me that actually or direct me to using a more harmful substance, it鈥檚 absurd.

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Porter

This gas has been around for a long time, why do you think it鈥檚 suddenly taken off now, it鈥檚 becoming increasingly popular?

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Reid

The internet is obviously a huge reason, both in terms of spreading the knowledge about how to take it and how to take it safely and also just the availability of the substance.听 People are typically buying these small metallic canisters of nitrous oxide in bulk from sites.

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Porter

And they鈥檙e not putting them in a whipped cream dispenser.

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Reid

Well they are but they鈥檙e not actually whipping cream, that鈥檚 for sure, it鈥檚 being dispensed straight into balloons, so yeah both the knowledge of the substance and the ease of availability are being facilitated by the internet.

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Porter

Stephen Reid. Others are more concerned. Between 2006 and 2012 there were 17 deaths attributed to nitrous oxide abuse, but given the nature of the drug, and the recent explosion in use that is likely to be an underestimate.

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Dr Paul Seddon is a Paediatrician at the Royal Alexandra Children鈥檚 Hospital in Brighton and he has a special interest in nitrous oxide that developed after caring for a patient who fell ill after inhaling the gas.

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Seddon

So this was during the summer festival season and a teenage girl in her mid-teens was admitted to our hospital complaining of chest pain.听 And when we examined her and did some x-rays she had a leak of air from her lungs that was causing the pain and causing her to have difficulty in breathing.听 And she admitted that at the festival she鈥檇 been inhaling some nitrous oxide, popularly known as laughing gas, and in fact she admitted that she鈥檇 had about 10 balloons over the day and that the pain in her chest had started soon afterwards.

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Porter

And how serious was her condition?

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Seddon

Because she presented to hospital fairly quickly she actually did alright, we treated her and managed her and she was able to go home a couple of days later.听 Had she not come to hospital it could have been quite serious, so it鈥檚 likely that the air leak would have increased and could have caused a lot of difficulty with her breathing.听 The only other thing to mention is that she did have a previous history of asthma, which may have been relevant.

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Porter

Was this the first time you鈥檇 seen somebody who鈥檇 come in as a result of abusing nitrous oxide?

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Seddon

Yes it was and in fact I wasn鈥檛 aware that recreational use of nitrous oxide was so common until we started doing some of the research and in fact until I started asking some people who are younger than me who said oh yes of course you can buy it very easily at 鈥� in fact the teenager herself told me that you were able to buy it very easily without any questions asked at the festival and a lot of her friends had used it before.

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Porter

Because this is a gas that as a doctor you鈥檒l be very familiar with and it鈥檚 the mainstay of every anaesthetic pretty well, it鈥檚 used 鈥� gas and air we use for pregnant women to help with their labour pains but I don鈥檛 think many doctors are aware that there鈥檚 such a large scale abuse going on.听 What did you find when you looked?

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Seddon

I mean there鈥檚 a history to this, so back in the 18th Century, soon after it was discovered, it was used in fashionable society for laughing gas parties.听 And then seemed to fall out of popularity for a while, although it鈥檚 carried on being abused by a few health professionals who had easy access to it.听 What may have changed the situation is that very portable forms of nitrous oxide have been available in canisters where they鈥檙e used to produce whipped cream.

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Porter

Why is it that nitrous oxide particularly is used in whipped cream dispensers, is there a good physical reason for that?

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Seddon

I think it鈥檚 to do with its ability to expand very rapidly and we think that鈥檚 the reason why it caused the problem in this young lady.听 So first of all if it gets into a cavity in the body it can expand very quickly and we think that this young lady had a very small leak of air from her lungs because of the technique she used to inhale it 鈥� so inhaling and then breathing out very forcefully.听 And then once the nitrous oxide got into that space it caused it to expand a lot.

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Porter

I mean it鈥檚 called laughing gas and therefore one would figure that it makes you feel euphoric and giggly but how profound can the effect be, can it knock you out?

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Seddon

It can yes, I mean it is an anaesthetic, as you know, so if you take enough of it then it can cause unconsciousness and it can certainly cause you to be not responsible for yourself.听 So certainly if you鈥檙e in a situation of danger near to traffic then you can come to harm that way.听 The other problem 鈥� anaesthetists always use it mixed with oxygen and if we use it as gas and air was use it mixed with oxygen.听 But if you鈥檙e inhaling it from a balloon you鈥檙e inhaling pure nitrous oxide and it鈥檚 thought that most of the deaths that have occurred have been people inhaling repeated amounts of pure nitrous oxide which then drives all the oxygen out of their lungs and actually dying from asphyxia, dying from lack of oxygen.

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Porter

What are the consequences of long term use 鈥� assuming I don鈥檛 come to any harm in the short term, if I鈥檓 using it every weekend at a party am I likely to run into trouble from other reasons?

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Seddon

In the literature there are a lot of reported cases of people getting problems from long term heavy use of laughing gas.听 So it can mess up various chemical systems in the body, so for example, it can get in the way of your body using vitamin B12 and that can affect the way your nervous system works, so it can cause numbness of the hands and feet and it鈥檚 also been linked with psychiatric problems for the same reason.听 And the other thing that it can mess up is the haemoglobin causing it to not be able to carry oxygen.

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Porter

This is the red colour, if you like, in our red cells that carries oxygen round the body.

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Seddon

That鈥檚 right, yeah, so it can turn it blue and make it not able to carry oxygen.听 The concerns that I have, particularly as a paediatrician, are that it is being sold openly to children, who are even less able to gauge the risks than adults, and also that if as seems to be happening the use is becoming more widespread then young people such as perhaps the young lady that we reported who鈥檝e got a predisposing problem such as asthma may get into problems.听 So effects that are less common we may start seeing in vulnerable individuals.

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Porter

Dr Paul Seddon. And there is a useful link to more information about nitrous oxide abuse on the Inside Health page of the Radio 4 website.

听

Just time to tell you about next week when we will be bringing you that long promised report on thermometers 鈥� which types should parents be using, and which they shouldn鈥檛.

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听