ࡱ> DFC%` bjbjNN .:,,} TTTTTTTh 8 dl h% m%o%o%o%o%o%o%$&h )J%Ts ss%TT %sBT T m%sm%TT 0&Rp jm%%0%V)DV)V)T n dY %%cR %sssshhh, hhh, hhhTTTTTT The Book of Irish Writers, Chapter 10 Edmund Spenser, 1552-1599 Edmund Spenser was an English poet. Hes best known for the English epic The Faerie Queen - which he wrote in praise of the Tudor Dynasty and Queen Elizabeth the 1st. Hes therefore apparently of little relevance to the story of Irish literature. There are, however, several good reasons for including him in such a survey. He spent a great deal of his life in Ireland more than many immediately acceptable Irish writers - and that experience had a profound effect on his writing. For example, in this verse from The Faerie Queen, Ireland (as the lady Irena) asks the Faery Queen (or, Elizabeth the 1st) for help. In other words, Ireland asks to be invaded by England. Wherefore the Lady, which Irena hight, Did to the Faery Queene her way addresse, To whom complaining her afflicted plight, She her besought of gratious redresse. Another reason for including Spenser is that hes one of the first writers to fit into the pattern of what the historian Roy Foster calls marginal men: those Englishmen who, having failed to make progress in their careers at home, come to Ireland in the attempt to further themselves. Finally, its useful to have examples of people who trouble our sense of what Irish literature actually is. Much about Spensers family and background in England is uncertain; he was probably from a relatively modest social position, though he did claim a connection to the aristocratic Spensers of Althorp Diana Spensers ancestors. He was well-educated, and graduated from Cambridge University where he was a sizar - having to perform menial chores in return for his fees and lodgings. After graduation in 1573 he disappears from view for several years - though he may have made his first visit to Ireland at this point. By the late 1570s he was gaining employment in the households of powerful men and in 1579 he published a collection of poems called, The Shepheardes Calender, the popularity of which seemed set fair to confirm Spenser as a new and significant poet. However, poetry could be a dangerous business back then: depicting Lord Burleigh, one of the most powerful men in England, as a foxe of practise slie was not a good career move. After this, moving to Ireland may have been Spensers only option He took the position of private secretary to Arthur, Lord Grey of Wilton in 1580 and, now in his late twenties, he accompanied Grey when he was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland. From this point on, Ireland became Spensers home until his death. For most of the 1580s he pursued his official career in various aspects of the administration of the country. This enabled him to acquire property and become a gentleman, something which would not have been possible in England. There are two ways in which Ireland features in Spensers writing. On the one hand, following on from writers such as Gerald of Wales, he wrote A View of the Present State of Ireland in 1596. This is a dialogue between two fictional figures: Eudoxus - who is interested in Ireland from an abstract, political point of view - and Irenius, who has first hand experience of the island. Everything in the work proceeds from Eudoxus wondering why - - no course is taken for the turning of the land of Ireland to good uses, and reducing that savage nation to better government and civility. The barbarism of the Irish is thus taken for granted from the outset - and becomes the basis for everything that follows: all outrage and suffering in Ireland rebellion, atrocity, famine - is the result of this barbarism rather than of English policy! But despite its apparent certainty - the text is contradictory. It also argues that English policy has failed - at least insofar as it hasnt been properly and systematically applied. And so theres also a critique of English government here, and at least a hint of disaffection with England on Spensers part. While not wishing to push this point too far, we should note Irelands appearances in Spensers poetry as well as in his political writing. He clearly admires the beauty of the countryside, and the landscapes of crucial parts of The Faerie Queene are those of Co Cork. Cork also provides the setting for Spensers love poems for his second wife. And, in 1591, when Spenser writes about himself in Colin Clouts Come ˿ Againe the home he refers to is, however unwillingly, Ireland. A century later Jonathan Swift, like Spenser, is disaffected by lack of advancement in England - and concerned with the fate of others in Ireland who share his class and religious background. 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