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into drone safety has suggested that collisions with aircraft are more damaging than bird strikes.

It said current aircraft manufacturing standards are not appropriate for the growth in drone use but stopped short of saying such hits could be fatal.

The US Federal Aviation Authority said it will work with drone-makers to develop technology to detect and avoid planes.

It estimated there will be 2.3 million drones in use by the end of this year.

The FAA study recreated a collision between a drone and an aeroplane using a computer simulation.

Models of two types of drone - the DJI Phantom 3 Standard quadcopter and a fixed-wing Precision Hawk Lancaster Hawkeye III were used.

A team of researchers from four universities conducted the research, using drones weighing 2.7lb to 8lb (1.2kg to 3.6kg).

The tests, conducted over 14 months, considered 140 scenarios, including the risk of a battery fire after a crash.

It concluded that airborne collisions could introduce "a significant economic burden" to aircraft operators, due to downtime and repairs.

It pointed out that windscreens on aircraft were particularly vulnerable to being damaged.

Complex field

There are two recorded incidents of drones colliding with aircraft.

The first, in Canada, occurred in October. The drone hit a plane's wing but the aircraft sustained only minor damage and was able to land safely.

The second, in the US, involving a military helicopter, again landed safely but with damage to its main rotor blade.

A similar study in the UK - conducted by military research firm Qinetiq on behalf of the UK government- suggested that drone strikes could cause critical damage to planes.

The report has been criticised for the fact that it was released in summary form, making it hard to see the full methodology of the tests, and for the type of drone it used in testing.

The Drone Manufacturers Alliance Europe demanded that the government released the full testing results of the study.

The British government has since proposed licensing for all drone operators from next year.

In response to the FAA study, the Department for Transport told : "This is a new and technically complex field and research is essential to ensure any safety risks are properly addressed. The department is considering the US research and will look to engage further with the FAA on this issue."