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The death of Alexander III in 1286 plunged Scotland into a crisis of succession. As a result, Scotland came close to civil war and Edward I of England gained control of the country.

John Balliol became King of Scotland in 1292. He was controlled by Edward I throughout most of his reign and was eventually removed from power in 1296, by the English king.

Scottish rebels led by William Wallace and Andrew Murray regained control of Scotland in 1297. However, the next year Edward I defeated the Scots at Falkirk and Wallace’s capture followed in 1305.

Bruce was crowned in 1306 despite little support. In the following years, he subdued his Scottish enemies and defeated the English at Bannockburn. By 1328, he had secured Scotland’s independence.