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Data goes through the central processing unit which utilises main and cache memory to improve system performance. Peripherals use interfaces to communicate between the system and a connected device.

The performance of the CPU is affected by the number of cores, clock speed and memory. There are different types of volatile and non-volatile memory.

Computer systems can have positive and negative impacts on the environment. Intelligent systems can reduce energy consumption.

While browsing the internet users can unwittingly download spyware, or become victims of phishing and keylogging software. Fraud, identity theft and server attacks are also becoming more commonplace. To safeguard against this, a server-side validation of online form data and encryption of network traffic is normally used.