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Computers can be used to help solve complex problems using computational thinking. This means that before a problem can be tackled, it must first have been through decomposition and abstraction. This will result in a modular programmed solution with subroutines and clear interfaces.

Data needs to be validated so that it does not stop software from functioning. Validation should be programmed into software to prevent this happening. There are standard checks which can be used to do this. Authentication and verification aim to restrict access to computer systems from unauthorised users.

Programs are created using common building blocks, known as programming constructs. These programming constructs form the basis for all programs and are also used in algorithms.