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Scottish society in the 1540s was one dominated by the Church. Henry VIII sought to exert control over Scotland during this period. The violence during this period is known as the 'Rough Wooing'.

Protestantism grew in Scotland in the 1560s and 1570s. Men such as George Wishart, John Knox and Andrew Melvillle played a significant role in its development.

Mary returned from France in 1561. She faced opposition from some religious leaders and nobles. Her first marriage ended when her husband was killed. She was forced to abdicate and go into exile.

After Mary fled to England, she was kept imprisoned for many years. She was accused of being involved in a number of plots against Elizabeth I. She was executed in 1587.