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Processors handle binary numbers while humans use denary. Binary to denary conversion aids understanding of data representation. ASCII represents text. Bitmapped graphics are stored as binary. Vector graphics store objects as a list of attributes.

The CPU handles instructions. Translators in the form of an interpreter or compiler translate code into binary. Buses are used to allow data to move between RAM and the Processor (ALU, Control Unit and Registers).

Computer systems require a lot of power at start-up and are often left running when not in use. Using power down, sleep, hibernate and standby can reduce unnecessary use of natural resources.

Large amounts of data enter and leave networks and systems on a daily basis. Firewalls protect systems by checking incoming and outcoming data packets. Encryption ensures that data is secure during transfer, with keys used to keep data encoded.