Unemployment, poverty and persecution caused thousands of people from Ireland, Italy and Eastern Europe to travel to Scotland in search of better lives.
From the mid-1800s, Scotland experienced a steady fall in its population - immigration into the country was lower than the number of people leaving the country.
Urbanisation
Towns and cities grew as people moved from rural areas and abroad to Scotland's 'central belt' looking for factory work.
This had a negative impact on living conditions and created competition for jobs. Overcrowding in Scotland鈥檚 cities became a major problem.
World War One
Irish and Canadian people fought with the Scots in the battlefields of World War One, where many friendships were formed.
Indian and Australian people also made a key contribution to victory in the war.