How did England defeat the Spanish Armada?
鈥淚t was bad luck, bad tactics and bad weather that defeated the Spanish Armada鈥
Bad weather was certainly one factor that contributed to the Spanish defeat, but there were other factors too:
| Factor | |
| Leaders | The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the Spanish fleet, but he was inexperienced in naval battle and so made some fatal errors in his planning and tactics. |
| Planning | The strength of the Spanish fleet came from its crescent formation plan 鈥 but when the English broke this up with their fireships, the Spanish became vulnerable and exposed to attack. |
| No reinforcements | The Spanish plan relied on stopping to pick up the Duke of Parma鈥檚 army to boost their numbers, but the fleet was unable to anchor and so never picked them up. |
| Tactics | Spanish tactics were to get close enough to English ships to board them, whereas the English tactic was to attack from a safe distance. |
| Ships | Spanish ships were slower and less equipped for the bad weather than the English ships. |
| Guns | The English ships had more long-range guns (497 to the Spanish鈥檚 172) able to fire at a safe distance. The design of the Spanish gun carriages meant that they could not be re-loaded quickly. |
| Support | The Spanish overestimated the level of support there would be in England for Spanish control and a return to Roman Catholicism. |
| Weather | The lack of a secure port where the Spanish could take shelter meant that the Spanish ships were buffeted by the wind. The thinking was that God intervened and the windy weather was a sign that God was on Elizabeth鈥檚 side. |
| Leaders | |
|---|---|
| The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the Spanish fleet, but he was inexperienced in naval battle and so made some fatal errors in his planning and tactics. | |
| Planning | |
|---|---|
| The strength of the Spanish fleet came from its crescent formation plan 鈥 but when the English broke this up with their fireships, the Spanish became vulnerable and exposed to attack. | |
| No reinforcements | |
|---|---|
| The Spanish plan relied on stopping to pick up the Duke of Parma鈥檚 army to boost their numbers, but the fleet was unable to anchor and so never picked them up. | |
| Tactics | |
|---|---|
| Spanish tactics were to get close enough to English ships to board them, whereas the English tactic was to attack from a safe distance. | |
| Ships | |
|---|---|
| Spanish ships were slower and less equipped for the bad weather than the English ships. | |
| Guns | |
|---|---|
| The English ships had more long-range guns (497 to the Spanish鈥檚 172) able to fire at a safe distance. The design of the Spanish gun carriages meant that they could not be re-loaded quickly. | |
| Support | |
|---|---|
| The Spanish overestimated the level of support there would be in England for Spanish control and a return to Roman Catholicism. | |
| Weather | |
|---|---|
| The lack of a secure port where the Spanish could take shelter meant that the Spanish ships were buffeted by the wind. The thinking was that God intervened and the windy weather was a sign that God was on Elizabeth鈥檚 side. | |