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Events at Calais – 7 August 1588

Upon reaching Calais, the Armada, led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, learnt that the Duke of Parma’s troops were not yet ready to board the Spanish ships and as a result the Armada would have to anchor off Calais and wait.

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Shortly after midnight on 7 August, the English sent in eight ‘fireships’ loaded with tar, gunpowder and other flammable materials. Although none of these hit a Spanish ship they were enough to make the Spanish take up anchor and set off in disarray.

Battle of Gravelines – 8 August

There followed an immense naval battle off Gravelines, during which the Spanish fleet were bombarded by the long-range English guns. In rough seas it lasted for nine hours, with great damage being done to the Spanish fleet, which for most of the time were unable to return fire due to a lack of trained gunners.

About 1,000 Spaniards were killed and over 800 wounded. The battle ended in the afternoon when the English fleet ran out of ammunition.

Elizabeth’s Tilbury speech – 9 August

Elizabeth visited her troops and reportedly delivered a rousing speech, which boosted morale and demonstrated Elizabeth’s determination to be seen as a strong leader.